Each of these properties may be varied independently in tool steels to some extent, so it makes sense to consider each separately.
The primary properties important to cold work tools are hardness, toughness, and wear resistance. An understanding of these tool steel properties and related issues permits selection of the optimum steel for most applications.īefore discussing specific grades, it will be useful to discuss generally the properties of tool materials. Conversely, steels chosen for their resistance to impact or breakage may not be capable of high wear resistance. Traditionally, other properties, such as impact resistance, may be sacrificed in order to gain the higher wear properties.
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Specifically, where long runs and infrequent regrinding are desired, other higher alloy tool steels or carbide might be used to upgrade from these tool steels. However, they sometimes do not provide the level of performance needed for high volume production. They combine good all-around performance properties for stamping and forming with low cost, wide availability, and relatively easy fabrication. A2 and D2 are familiar to most tool builders and tool users as common, general purpose cold work tool steels. Historically, tool steels used for stamping and forming tools have included A2 and D2, with occasional use of the high speed steel M2. Tool steels can be categorized and compared by those properties which have a direct influence on tool performance: hardness, toughness (impact resistance), and wear resistance. By comparing the levels of metallurgical properties offered by different steels, tool users can determine which tool steels are best suited for fixing or resisting performance problems, or for enhancing tool performance. However, with a variety of tool steels available for manufacturing metal forming tools, it is often possible to choose a tool steel with a favorable combination of properties for particular applications. Most tool failures are related to such mechanical causes. Usually, operating conditions (applied loads, abrasive environments, impacts, and other factors) determine how well a tool holds up.
The success of a metal forming tool depends on optimizing all the factors affecting its performance. Crucible Tool Steel and Specialty Alloy General Information
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